Abstract The criminalization of indigenous leaders occurs in many countries where these populations live. The practice, recurrently used by national States, serves to inhibit or prevent indigenous peoples from demonstrating and protesting in favor of their rights. On the initiative of the Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (APIB) and Indigenous Peoples Rights International (IPRI), the authors carried out a study on the criminalization of indigenous leaders in Brazil in 2020 and identified important formal aspects of this criminalization. Among them is the mistaken use of the categories “integrated indian” and “acculturated indian”. The present article proposes to deepen this aspect, by updating the discussions of its use in the configuration on the culpability of indigenous peoples in the current Brazilian criminal justice system, and by investigating in greater detail and intensity the meaning and application these categories by the judiciary. Unveiling a judicial behavior centered on jurisprudential analysis, we seek to highlight the judicial mentality that perpetuates the indiscriminate and discriminatory use of these categories as a maneuver to hyperpunitivism against indigenous people. As for the methodology, of a quanti-qualitative nature, the research uses a bibliographic review, a survey of jurisprudence and case studies, not excluding the material collected in interviews with indigenous leaders.

Resumo A criminalização de lideranças indígenas é uma realidade onde há presença destas populações. A prática, recorrentemente utilizada pelos Estados nacionais, serve para inibir ou impedir povos indígenas de se manifestarem e protestarem em prol de seus direitos. No ano de 2020, por iniciativa da Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (APIB) e do Indigenous Peoples Rights International (IPRI), as autoras realizaram um estudo sobre a criminalização de lideranças indígenas no Brasil e identificaram importantes aspectos formais desta criminalização, entre eles a manipulação equivocada das categorias “índio integrado” e “índio aculturado”. O presente artigo se propõe a realizar um aprofundamento deste aspecto, tanto atualizando as discussões do seu uso na configuração da culpabilidade dos indígenas no atual sistema penal brasileiro, quanto investigando com maior detalhamento e intensidade o significado e aplicação da categoria “índio integrado” pelo poder judiciário. Ao se desvelar um comportamento judicial centrado na análise jurisprudencial, busca-se evidenciar a mentalidade judicante que perpetua o uso indiscriminado e discriminatório dessas categorias como uma manobra ao hiperpunitivismo de indígenas. Quanto à metodologia, de viés quanti-qualitativo, a pesquisa se utiliza de revisão bibliográfica, do levantamento de jurisprudências e estudos de casos, não se excetuando o material coletado outrora em entrevistas com lideranças indígenas.

Resumo O artigo discute a escrita de biografias de mulheres cientistas a partir do relato das experiências de Evelyn Fox Keller, Georgina Ferry e Barbara Goldsmith na escrita de biografias das cientistas Barbara McClintock, Dorothy Hodgkin e Marie Curie, respectivamente. Discutimos como a escrita e a repercussão pública de tais biografias podem contribuir para uma reflexão teórica sobre as biografias de mulheres nas ciências. Consideramos ser necessário pensar a história das mulheres nas ciências como projetos marcadamente políticos, e, por isso, defendemos o conceito de biografias feministas.

Abstract This article discusses the writing of biographies of women scientists based on the experiences of Evelyn Fox Keller, Georgina Ferry and Barbara Goldsmith in writing the biographies of the scientists Barbara McClintock, Dorothy Hodgkin and Marie Curie, respectively. We discuss how the writing process and the public repercussions of these biographies contributes to a theoretical reflection on biographies of women in science. We consider it necessary to think of the history of women in science to be composed of clearly political projects, and for this reason defend the concept of feminist biographies.

Resumo Esta pesquisa analisa a Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) 709, proposta no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), no que tange à proteção ao direito à saúde dos povos indígenas isolados e de recente contato. O artigo aborda especialmente a decisão judicial que determinou a instalação da Sala de Situação, um espaço oficial dentro da administração, para um diálogo intercultural e o fracasso dessa iniciativa.

Abstract This research analyzes the constitutional lawsuit ADPF 709, filed at the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF), with regard to the protection of the right to health of isolated and recently contacted indigenous peoples. The article deals especially with the judicial decision that determined the installation of the Situation Room, an official space within the administration, for an intercultural dialogue and the failure of this initiative.

Abstract The present work aims to study the aqueous cotton seeds extract as a natural inhibitor of the corrosion of mild steel in 1 mol L−1 HCl using gravimetric tests, potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance measurements and surface morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aqueous cotton seed extract acted as a good corrosion inhibitor reaching an inhibition efficiency of 95.7% after 24 h of immersion for 800 mg L−1 inhibitor concentration. For the gravimetric tests varying the temperature, a decrease of the activation energy (Ea) was observed, suggesting a chemical adsorption on the surface of the metal. 400 mg L−1 of the high molecular weight fraction isolated from the total extract showed inhibition efficiency equal to 800 mg L−1 of the total extract, 97.3% and 94.2% from electrochemical impedance and polarization curves data, respectively, suggesting that the macromolecules present a fundamental participation in the inhibitive process.

Abstract: The following article examines the discourses around indigenous art, specifically Mapuche art, following the trajectory of the Pedro Doyharcabal’s Mapuche silverwork collection since its formation, linked to the processes of colonialism in Wallmapu, until its incorporation into the Museo de Arte Popular Americano of the University of Chile (1893-1946). Based on the review of primary sources, it is postulated that the shift in the categorization from an ethnographic standpoint to an artistic one is due to the early contribution of researchers, such as Tomás Guevara and Claude Joseph, and to the profound transformations in art edu cation and museums during the first half of the twentieth century. These changes paved the way for the critical interpretation of the “mapuche question”, considering the material production of the Mapuche people and their role in the history of Chile’s national identity.

Resumen: El siguiente artículo problematiza los discursos en torno al arte indígena, específica mente del arte mapuche, a través de la trayectoria de la colección de platería mapuche de Pedro Doyharcabal, desde su formación, vinculada a los procesos de colonialismo en Wallmapu, hasta su incorporación al Museo de Arte Popular Americano de la Universidad de Chile (1893-1946). A partir de una metodología basada en la revisión de fuentes primarias, se postula que su valora ción desde lo etnográfico a lo artístico se debe al temprano aporte de investigadores, como Tomás Guevara y Claude Joseph, y a profundas transformaciones en la enseñanza artística y museos durante la primera mitad del siglo XX que permitieron problematizar la “cuestión mapuche”, desde la producción material de este pueblo y su lugar en el relato de la identidad nacional.

RESUMEN Los neutrófilos juegan un papel muy importante en la defensa inmune contra diferentes patógenos. Estas células participan activamente en la respuesta inmune innata a través de diferentes funciones como quimiotaxis, fagocitosis, estallido oxidativo y degranulación, las cuales han sido estudiadas ampliamente. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha descrito una nueva función; los neutrófilos activados son capaces de liberar redes de cromatina llamadas trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (NETs). Estas estructuras están formadas por ADN, histonas y proteínas capaces de inmovilizar y matar microorganismos. Alteraciones en la formación de estas NETs están asociadas con la fisiopatología de varios trastornos, incluyendo las enfermedades autoinmunes (EAI). Las NETs son consideradas una fuente de autoantígenos que ayudan a la producción de autoanticuerpos y al mantenimiento de un ambiente inflamatorio. Esta revisión resume la contribución de las NETs a la patogénesis de vasculitis asociada a anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de los neutrófilos, lupus eritematoso sistémico y artritis reumatoide. Adicionalmente, se describirán los resultados preliminares de la detección de componentes de las NETs en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren.

ABSTRACT Neutrophils play an important role in immune defence against several pathogens. These cells actively participate in the innate immune response through different functions, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst and degranulation, which have been widely studied. However, in the last few years, a new function has been described; activated neutrophils are able to release web-like chromatin structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These structures formed by DNA, histones, and proteins, immobilize and kill microorganisms. Disruption in NET formation is associated with the pathophysiology of several disorders, including the autoimmune diseases. NETs are an important source of the autoantigens involved in the production of autoantibodies and maintenance of the inflammatory milieu. This review provides a summary of the contribution of NETs to the pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The preliminary findings on NETs components in Sjögren.'s syndrome will also be described.

The present work studied aqueous extracts of castor beans as a natural inhibitor of the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl using gravimetric tests, potentiodynamic polarization curves, linear polarization method, electrochemical impedance measurements, surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gravimetric tests showed that inhibition efficiency (IE) increased with immersion time and concentration of the extract, reaching 97.8% in the presence of 800 mg L−1 inhibitor after 24 h immersion time. For the gravimetric tests varying the temperature, a decrease of the activation energy (Ea) was observed, suggesting chemical adsorption of extract components on the metal surface. The extracts from the castor beans acted as a good corrosion inhibitor, and the macromolecules present in the high molecular weight fraction (HMWF) have a fundamental participation in this process since it presented 93.7% of IE for 200 mg L−1.

Resumo O presente artigo parte da análise dos Anais da Assembleia Constituinte de 1987/88 para compreender a elaboração das garantias territoriais indígenas. Demonstramos que parlamentares e juristas da atualidade estão retomando os exatos termos dos debates realizados para reavaliar tais direitos diante de casos concretos e específicos.

Abstract This paper is guided by the legislative process of the constitutional making of the indigenous lands rights during the Brazil’s Constituent Assembly of 1987/88. The analysis of the process shows that parliamentarians and jurists of nowadays are taking up the exact terms of the discussions that happened revaluate these rights in the face of specific and concrete cases.

A partir da etnografia sobre o cotidiano dos profissionais de saúde que atuam no âmbito do Programa ou Estratégia Saúde da Família (sistema público de atenção básica à saúde) no município de Itaparica, busca-se problematizar as abordagens sobre a diversidade terapêutica que partem de premissas dualísticas como tradicional e moderno ou oficial e alternativo. Nesse intento, são apresentados alguns dilemas da prática cotidiana dos profissionais de saúde, considerando a diversidade terapêutica com a qual aqueles se confrontam em seu cotidiano. Na conclusão, sugere-se que os conflitos que intermediam a assimetria na convivência entre diferentes práticas terapêuticas no âmbito desse sistema são indicativos de desacordos mais amplos, que podem ser identificados nas intenções “civilizatórias” de transformação dos modos de vida das populações atendidas por programas públicos de assistência à saúde.

Based on the ethnography of daily life of health professionals who work in the “Family Health Program” (public system of basic health care) in the city of Itaparica, this article addresses therapeutic approaches to diversity departing from dualistic assumptions as traditional/modern or official/alternative. In this attempt, some of the daily dilemmas in the practice of health professionals are examined, taking into account the therapeutic diversity that they have to deal with. It is suggested that the conflicts that mediate the asymmetry in the coexistence of different therapeutic practices in this system are indicative of broader disagreements, which may be identified on the “civilizing” intentions of transformation of the lifeways of the populations assisted by public health care programs.